Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)

October 13, 2025

Causes, Symptoms & Expert Physiotherapy Treatment at Weaver Physio, Cheshire

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a misunderstood and often misdiagnosed condition that can cause pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, and reduced function in the neck, shoulders, arms, and hands. Many people live with these frustrating symptoms for months—or even years—without answers.


At Weaver Physiotherapy & Sports Injury Clinic in Northwich, Cheshire, we specialise in accurately diagnosing and treating conditions like TOS using a combination of expert hands-on therapy, postural correction, targeted rehabilitation, and evidence-based treatment techniques.


Our goal is simple:

✅ Find the true cause of your symptoms

✅ Relieve your pain

✅ Restore normal movement and strength

✅ Help you return to work, sport, and daily life—pain-free


In this comprehensive guide, we explain everything you need to know about Thoracic Outlet Syndrome and how physiotherapy at Weaver Physio can help you recover naturally without surgery.


What Is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome?


The thoracic outlet is a small space between your collarbone (clavicle) and first rib. Important nerves and blood vessels (the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels) pass through this narrow area to reach the arm.


Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) occurs when these nerves or blood vessels become compressed or irritated in this space. This can lead to a wide range of symptoms in the neck, shoulder, arm, hand, and even fingers.


TOS is more common than people realise—but it is frequently overlooked or misdiagnosed as shoulder impingement, carpal tunnel, neck pain, or tendon issues.


Types of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome


There are three main types of TOS:


1️⃣ Neurogenic TOS (Most common – 90% of cases)


Compression of the nerves (brachial plexus).

Symptoms:

    •    Numbness, tingling, or burning in arm/hand

    •    Weakness or grip issues

    •    Pain in neck, shoulder, or arm

    •    “Dead arm” feeling


2️⃣ Venous TOS


Compression of the veins.

Symptoms:

    •    Swelling in arm or hand

    •    Bluish/purplish colour

    •    Heaviness or tightness

    •    Visible veins


3️⃣ Arterial TOS (Rare but serious)


Compression of the artery.

Symptoms:

    •    Cold or pale hand

    •    Weak pulse

    •    Pain with arm movement

    •    Possible pins-and-needles


At Weaver Physio, we are trained to recognise all types of TOS and refer to appropriate medical professionals if vascular involvement is suspected.


Common Causes of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome


TOS is rarely caused by just one factor. It usually develops due to posture, anatomy, muscle imbalance, or repetitive strain.


The most common causes include:


✅ Poor posture (rounded shoulders, forward head)

✅ Muscle tightness in neck, chest, or shoulders

✅ Weak postural muscles (mid-back/scapular stabilisers)

✅ Repetitive overhead movements (e.g. painters, hairdressers, athletes)

✅ Carrying heavy backpacks or bags

✅ Previous neck or shoulder injuries

✅ Whiplash or trauma

✅ Anatomical variations (extra rib, narrow outlet)

✅ Pregnancy-related changes

✅ Prolonged sitting or typing without good ergonomics


Over time, these factors compress the nerves or blood vessels in the thoracic outlet, leading to pain, stiffness, numbness, and dysfunction.


Symptoms of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome


Symptoms can vary depending on whether nerves or blood vessels are affected. The most common symptoms we see at Weaver Physio include:

    •    Pain in the neck, shoulder, arm, or hand

    •    Tingling or pins-and-needles feeling

    •    Numbness in fingers (especially ring and little finger)

    •    Weakness or loss of grip strength

    •    Arm feels heavy or tired quickly

    •    Symptoms worse when lifting arm overhead

    •    Tightness in chest or neck

    •    Swelling or colour changes in the arm (vascular TOS)

    •    Headaches or tension


Key sign: Symptoms are often worse in certain positions such as sitting at a desk, driving, carrying bags, or sleeping with arms overhead.


How Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Affects Daily Life


TOS can make even simple tasks difficult, such as:

    •    Reaching overhead

    •    Lifting objects

    •    Working at a computer

    •    Driving

    •    Sleeping comfortably

    •    Playing sports (especially swimming, throwing, weightlifting, running)


Without proper treatment, symptoms can become chronic and lead to compensation patterns, weakness, and further injury.


Why TOS Is Often Misdiagnosed


Many people with TOS are told they have:

    •    Frozen shoulder

    •    Carpal tunnel syndrome

    •    Rotator cuff injury

    •    Cervical disc problem

    •    Trapped nerve

    •    Tendonitis


Why?

Because TOS symptoms overlap with many other conditions, and standard scans (MRIs, X-rays) often come back “normal.”


At Weaver Physiotherapy, we understand how complex TOS can be. That’s why we take time to listen, assess, and perform specific tests to diagnose it accurately.


How We Diagnose Thoracic Outlet Syndrome at Weaver Physio


A proper diagnosis starts with a thorough clinical assessment by our expert physiotherapists.


Our assessment includes:


✅ Detailed symptom history

✅ Postural analysis

✅ Shoulder and neck mobility tests

✅ Muscle strength testing

✅ Nerve tension tests

✅ Blood flow and vascular screening

✅ Functional movement assessment

✅ Reproduction of symptoms through specific positions (e.g. Roos test)


This allows us to identify the exact location of compression (scalene muscles, first rib, pec minor, clavicle) and create a personalised treatment plan.


Physiotherapy Treatment for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome at Weaver Physio


Good news: Most cases of TOS can be successfully treated with physiotherapy.


At Weaver Physiotherapy & Sports Injury Clinic, we use a multi-layered, evidence-based approach that treats both symptoms and root causes.


Here’s how we help you recover:


1️⃣ Hands-On Treatment & Manual Therapy


Our therapists use advanced hands-on techniques to relieve compression and restore movement:

    •    Soft tissue release of tight muscles (scalenes, pec minor, upper traps)

    •    Myofascial release

    •    Joint mobilisation of neck, first rib, and shoulder

    •    Trigger point therapy

    •    Nerve gliding techniques

    •    Manual stretching


This helps immediately reduce pain, tension, and nerve irritation.


2️⃣ Posture Correction & Alignment


Poor posture is one of the biggest causes of TOS.


We help you improve alignment by:

✅ Strengthening postural muscles (mid-back, scapula stabilisers)

✅ Reducing forward head position

✅ Opening up the chest

✅ Resetting shoulder mechanics


With proper posture, there is less pressure on nerves and blood vessels.


3️⃣ Targeted Strengthening


We build strength in the right muscles to stabilise the neck and shoulders:

    •    Scapular stability exercises

    •    Rotator cuff strengthening

    •    Core and upper back conditioning

    •    Functional movement training


This improves support and prevents recurrence.


4️⃣ Mobility & Stretching Programme


We release tight structures that compress the thoracic outlet:

✅ Pec minor stretches

✅ Scalene stretches

✅ First rib mobilisation

✅ Thoracic spine mobility (foam rolling, extensions)


Better mobility = better nerve and blood flow.


5️⃣ Nerve Gliding / Neurodynamics


If nerves are irritated, we perform nerve gliding exercises to reduce sensitivity and improve movement. This can dramatically reduce numbness, tingling, and burning sensations.


6️⃣ Ergonomic & Lifestyle Advice


We help you identify lifestyle triggers such as:

    •    Poor desk setup

    •    Sleeping positions

    •    Carrying heavy bags

    •    Repetitive movements


We then tailor practical solutions to your life and job.


7️⃣ Acupuncture / Dry Needling (Optional)


Medical acupuncture can:

✅ Reduce muscle tension

✅ Release trigger points

✅ Improve blood flow

✅ Calm nerve irritation


This is often highly effective for stubborn TOS pain.


8️⃣ Sports or Deep Tissue Massage


Massage can help:

    •    Reduce tight fascia

    •    Improve circulation

    •    Accelerate recovery

    •    Release trigger points


We offer Sports Massage & Deep Tissue Massage as part of a wider treatment plan.


9️⃣ Shockwave Therapy (for chronic cases)


If symptoms involve chronic tendon tightness or scar tissue, Shockwave Therapy can help break down adhesions, stimulate healing, and reduce pain.


It’s especially useful when traditional methods haven’t fully resolved symptoms.


Individualised Rehabilitation Plan


Every patient is unique. We create a personalised plan based on:

✅ Your symptoms

✅ Type of TOS

✅ Lifestyle and goals

✅ Work/sport demands


Our rehabilitation programmes are progressive, meaning we build your strength and mobility step by step to prevent symptoms coming back.


Example of a Typical Treatment Journey at Weaver Physio


Phase 1: Pain Relief & Decompression

✔ Hands-on therapy

✔ Soft tissue release

✔ Gentle mobility and nerve glides

✔ Postural corrections


Phase 2: Restore Movement & Improve Alignment

✔ Increase thoracic and shoulder mobility

✔ Improve posture habits

✔ Begin strengthening key muscles


Phase 3: Build Strength & Stability

✔ Scapular control

✔ Rotator cuff strength

✔ Core and posture endurance


Phase 4: Return to Function / Sport

✔ Tailored functional exercises

✔ Sport or job-specific rehab

✔ Prevention education


Phase 5: Long-Term Maintenance

✔ Home exercise programme

✔ Lifestyle and ergonomic advice

✔ Regular check-ins if needed


Real Patient Success Example


A 35-year-old office worker and recreational runner came to Weaver Physio with numbness in her arm, neck tightness, and pain when typing or running. She had been misdiagnosed with carpal tunnel and given wrist splints that didn’t help.


Our Approach:

    •    Identified TOS due to poor posture and tight chest muscles

    •    Released tight scalenes and pec minor

    •    Mobilised first rib and thoracic spine

    •    Introduced posture retraining and nerve glides

    •    Strengthened scapular stabilisers and rotator cuff


Result:

Within 6 weeks, her pain was gone, numbness resolved, and she returned to running without issues.


This is the difference expert physiotherapy makes.


Can TOS Be Prevented?


Yes—many cases can be prevented with the right strategies.


Prevention Tips:


✅ Maintain good posture

✅ Avoid slouching and rounded shoulders

✅ Take regular breaks from sitting or typing

✅ Strengthen postural muscles

✅ Stretch chest and neck muscles

✅ Avoid carrying heavy bags on one shoulder

✅ Use ergonomic work setups

✅ Warm up before exercise

✅ Maintain mobility in neck, shoulders, and thoracic spine


At Weaver Physio, we can create a preventative programme tailored to your body type, job, and sport.


Frequently Asked Questions About Thoracic Outlet Syndrome


❓ Is TOS serious?


Most cases are manageable with physiotherapy. Vascular TOS is less common but may require medical attention.


❓ Will TOS go away on its own?


Usually not. Without treatment, it often worsens over time. Early physiotherapy intervention is key.


❓ Do I need surgery?


Very few people require surgery. Physiotherapy is highly effective in most cases.


❓ How long does recovery take?


It depends on severity, but many patients see major improvements within 6–12 weeks with consistent treatment.


❓ Can I still exercise or work out?


Yes, with modifications. We’ll guide you safely back to activity.


❓ Can physiotherapy really fix TOS?


Absolutely. At Weaver Physio, we address the actual cause—not just the symptoms—leading to long-term results.


Why Choose Weaver Physiotherapy for TOS Treatment?


✅ Specialist musculoskeletal physiotherapists

✅ 70+ years of combined clinical experience

✅ Accurate assessment and diagnosis

✅ Hands-on treatment + rehabilitation

✅ Posture and movement experts

✅ Advanced techniques (Shockwave, Acupuncture, Massage, Gait Analysis)

✅ Personalised treatment plans

✅ Trusted across Northwich, Knutsford, Winsford, Middlewich, Frodsham, Tarporley, and Cheshire


Get Relief from Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Today


Living with pain, numbness, or weakness in your neck, shoulder, or arm is frustrating—but you don’t have to put up with it.


At Weaver Physiotherapy & Sports Injury Clinic, we specialise in finding and fixing the root cause of your pain—so you can move better, feel stronger, and live pain-free.


✅ Expert diagnosis

✅ Hands-on treatment

✅ Tailored rehab

✅ Long-term results

✅ Friendly, professional care


Take the first step toward recovery.


📞 Call us today on 01606 227484

🌐 Visit: www.weaverphysio.com

📍 Located in Northwich, Cheshire – serving Knutsford, Winsford, Middlewich, Frodsham & surrounding areas


Weaver Physiotherapy – Your Trusted Partner in Recovery, Performance & Pain-Free Living ✅


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When an injury affects your child’s sport, play or everyday activities, it can be difficult to know what to do next. At Weaver Physiotherapy & Sports Injury Clinic, we offer assessment and rehabilitation for children and young people with sports-related and musculoskeletal problems. Based in Northwich, our clinic welcomes families from across Cheshire, including Tarporley, Knutsford, Winsford, Middlewich, Hartford, Weaverham, Sandbach and Frodsham. You can contact us directly to discuss your child’s symptoms and arrange an appointment; a GP referral is not required to book privately. A physiotherapy assessment considers the injury, your child’s movement and the activities they want to return to. Treatment and rehabilitation are then discussed in light of their needs and assessment findings. What happens at a child’s sports injury assessment? The appointment begins with a discussion about when the problem started, what activities affect it and how it is changing your child’s movement. We may ask about their usual sport, training routine, recent changes in activity and relevant medical history. The practitioner will then assess the affected area and relevant movement and function. This helps explore possible causes and identify appropriate next steps. Depending on your child’s presentation, the plan may include advice, a tailored exercise programme and hands-on treatment where appropriate. Treatment is individual . The approach will depend on the assessment findings, your child’s symptoms and how they respond to activity. If rehabilitation is recommended, exercises can be progressed to support comfortable movement and a gradual return to sport. Sports injuries and pain we can assess Children and teenagers may develop pain or injury after a sudden movement, a knock or a change in training. Assessment may be appropriate for concerns involving the: Back, hip or knee Ankle or foot Shoulder, elbow, hand or wrist Sports-related problems can include sprains, strains, tendon pain and injuries associated with repeated loading. Your child’s symptoms and activity will guide the assessment, rather than focusing only on the painful area. If you have noticed a change in your child’s posture or are concerned about a possible spinal curve, speak to your GP. The NHS advises contacting a GP if you think your child may have scoliosis. Read NHS guidance on scoliosis ⁠. Booking an appointment Please contact Weaver Physio to discuss your child’s symptoms and arrange a suitable appointment. Same-day appointments depend on availability, so please book ahead rather than relying on a walk-in consultation. When you get in touch, it can help to explain: When the symptoms began Which movements or activities make them better or worse Whether the problem affects walking, sleep, school, training or sport Any relevant medical history or recent changes in activity It can also help to let your child describe how the problem feels in their own words. Please bring comfortable clothing that allows movement to be assessed. Weaver Physiotherapy & Sports Injury Clinic 110 Middlewich Road, Northwich, Cheshire, CW9 7DP Call 01606 227484⁠ or visit weaverphysio.com ⁠. Free onsite parking is available. When to seek urgent medical help A physiotherapy appointment is for non-emergency musculoskeletal concerns. If your child has a serious injury, or you are unsure whether they need urgent care, use NHS guidance or contact NHS 111. The NHS advises taking a child to A&E or an urgent treatment centre if they have an arm or leg injury and cannot use the limb. Read the NHS guidance on children’s accidents . For information about checking an individual physiotherapist’s registration, visit the HCPC Register ⁠. Frequently asked questions Do we need a GP referral? No. You can contact the clinic directly to ask about booking a private appointment for your child. Do you accept walk-ins? Please book an appointment in advance. Same-day consultations may be available, depending on the clinic schedule. What should my child wear? Comfortable clothing that allows them to move freely is helpful for the assessment. Do you provide scans? Scans are not included in every clinic appointment. If further investigation appears appropriate, this can be discussed with you and your child. How much does an appointment cost? Please contact the clinic for current fees and to discuss the appointment that may be suitable for your child. Discuss an appointment for your child If pain or an injury is affecting your child’s movement, sport or usual routine, contact Weaver Physiotherapy & Sports Injury Clinic to discuss an assessment in Northwich. We’ll talk through your concerns and the possible next steps for your child.
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Have you ever been told that your running style is “wrong” and immediately wondered whether you need to change it? Advice online can make normal differences in movement look like faults. While certain running habits may be worth exploring—particularly when pain keeps returning—there is no single perfect stride, cadence or foot strike for every runner. At Weaver Physiotherapy & Sports Injury Clinic, we take an individual approach to running technique. Your training history, symptoms, strength, mobility, goals and the way you respond to load all matter. For runners in Northwich, Middlewich, Winsford, Knutsford, Sandbach, Frodsham and Tarporley, our Runner’s MOT and running gait analysis⁠ provides clear, personalised feedback rather than generic rules. What are common running form mistakes? A “running form mistake” is often better described as a movement habit to investigate. A pattern may look unusual without being harmful, and a video alone cannot confirm that it is the cause of pain. Common concerns include: Overstriding – the foot appearing to land well ahead of the body. Upper-body tension – raised shoulders, clenched hands, a tight jaw or stiff arm swing. Forcing foot strike – deliberately trying to run on the forefoot or heel when it feels awkward. Slumped posture – losing trunk control as fatigue develops. Abrupt changes in technique – trying to alter cadence, posture and foot strike at the same time. These patterns can change with pace, hills, footwear, fatigue, confidence and training load. Research has found limited evidence that individual biomechanics alone predict running injury, which is why form should be considered alongside the wider picture rather than treated as a diagnosis. Is there one correct way to run? No. Effective running does not look identical from person to person. Your anatomy, strength, experience, speed, terrain and fatigue level all influence your stride. A single photograph or short clip captures only one moment. It cannot explain how you feel during a run, what your training has involved that week, or whether a movement pattern is actually contributing to symptoms. If you are comfortable, progressing well and free from persistent pain, you may not need to change your technique simply because it differs from someone else’s. The aim is not to chase a “perfect” running style. It is to understand your own movement and make sensible adjustments only when they are relevant to your goals or symptoms. How to assess your running form safely Start with one question. Perhaps your foot feels as though it reaches too far forwards, your shoulders tighten on longer runs, or you notice discomfort appearing as you fatigue. During an easy run at your usual pace, consider: Does your breathing feel relaxed? Are your shoulders, hands and jaw unnecessarily tense? Does your stride feel comfortable and natural? Does your movement alter later in the run? Is there recurring pain during, after or the following day? If you use video, record a brief clip from a safe, consistent position beside the route or on a treadmill. Never hold or watch a phone while running. Footage can be useful for observation, but it should prompt questions—not provide a self-diagnosis. How to change running technique without overdoing it Avoid making dramatic changes based on a social-media tip or a one-size-fits-all rule. A sudden change in cadence, posture or foot strike may feel unnatural and can make it difficult to work out what is helping. Instead: Choose one area to explore. Use one simple cue during an easy run. Keep the adjustment gentle and brief. Notice how it feels during the run and over the next 24–48 hours. Do not introduce several technique changes at once. For example, if you feel tense through the upper body, a helpful cue may be “soft shoulders and easy arms” rather than forcing a rigid posture. If you are concerned about stride length, focus on a light, comfortable rhythm rather than trying to land in a prescribed position. Training progression matters too. Increasing distance, pace, hills and frequency too quickly can overload tissues, regardless of how your running looks. NHS advice recommends building running gradually and listening to pain rather than pushing through it. Read the NHS guide to common running injuries ⁠. When should you seek individual running advice? Consider a running assessment if pain: Keeps returning or becomes more severe Changes the way you run Persists after reducing or adapting training Is associated with swelling, weakness, limping or a loss of confidence Leaves you unsure which changes, if any, are appropriate Sudden severe pain, inability to bear weight, major swelling, numbness, deformity or a suspected serious injury should be assessed urgently. NHS guidance on sprains and strains explains when to seek urgent help. 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However, when symptoms have persisted for several weeks or months, the more accurate clinical term is often Achilles tendinopathy. Tendinopathy is a complex condition associated with tendon pain, reduced function and lower tolerance to exercise or repeated loading. The tendon may become more sensitive and less able to cope with the demands being placed upon it. It is not always a straightforward inflammatory problem, which is why complete rest, stretching or massage alone may not create a lasting solution. A detailed review of tendinopathy research describes the changes that can occur within painful tendons and the importance of an individualised management approach. Common symptoms include: Pain or stiffness at the back of the heel, especially first thing in the morning Discomfort when walking uphill, climbing stairs or rising onto tiptoes Pain during or after running, football, tennis, gym training or long walks Thickening or tenderness in the tendon Symptoms that improve as you warm up, then return later At Weaver Physio, we assess whether your symptoms are likely to be related to mid-portion or insertional Achilles tendinopathy, and screen for other possible causes of heel and calf pain. If there is concern about a rupture, significant tear or another condition requiring medical investigation, we will advise on the appropriate next step. What Is Shockwave Therapy? Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy—often shortened to ESWT or radial shockwave therapy—uses controlled acoustic pressure waves delivered through a handheld applicator. It is not an electric shock and does not involve injections or surgery. 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We look beyond the painful spot to understand the full picture, including: Your symptom history and training or activity levels Previous injuries and treatment Calf strength, ankle mobility and balance Achilles tendon tenderness and loading tolerance Footwear, running surface and recent changes in training volume Hip, knee and foot control where relevant This allows us to confirm whether shockwave therapy is an appropriate option and develop a recovery plan tailored to you. Weaver Physio’s team also provides specialist physiotherapy and sports injury rehabilitation ⁠, so your treatment can be integrated with hands-on care, exercise rehabilitation and return-to-sport planning where needed. What Does a Typical Course Involve? A course of shockwave therapy commonly involves three to five sessions, often spaced about one week apart. The exact number and timing will depend on your presentation, response to treatment and rehabilitation goals. Each appointment is combined with guidance on tendon loading. This may include: Isometric calf exercises for pain management Progressive heel raises and heavy slow resistance work Soleus and gastrocnemius strengthening Balance, control and single-leg stability work A gradual return to running, hills, speed work or plyometric exercise Rather than avoiding all activity, we help you find an appropriate level of movement that keeps the tendon challenged without repeatedly exceeding its current capacity. Is Shockwave Therapy Right for You? Shockwave therapy may be suitable if you have persistent Achilles symptoms that have not settled with sensible activity modification and a targeted rehabilitation programme. It is particularly relevant for people who want a non-invasive option before considering more invasive interventions. However, it is not suitable for everyone. Your physiotherapist will discuss relevant precautions and assess factors such as pregnancy, blood-clotting issues, certain medications, recent steroid injection near the treatment area, suspected rupture or other medical considerations. It is also important to seek urgent medical advice if you experience a sudden pop in the back of the ankle, immediate weakness when pushing off, marked bruising or an inability to rise onto your toes. These can be warning signs of an Achilles rupture. Why Choose Weaver Physio? Weaver Physiotherapy & Sports Injury Clinic combines clinical assessment with a practical understanding of sport, training and everyday activity. We are based in Northwich and regularly support patients travelling from Knutsford, Alderley Edge, Holmes Chapel, Middlewich and across Cheshire. Our approach is built around three principles: Accurate assessment We identify the likely driver of your Achilles pain rather than treating every heel problem the same way. Evidence-informed rehabilitation Shockwave therapy is used as one part of a clear, progressive plan designed to restore strength and confidence. A return to the life you enjoy Whether your goal is pain-free dog walks, a hiking holiday, club running or competitive sport, your programme is shaped around it. Book an Achilles Tendon Assessment Persistent Achilles pain does not have to dictate how active you can be. If you are looking for shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinitis in Knutsford, Weaver Physio can help you understand your options and build a tailored recovery plan. Contact Weaver Physiotherapy & Sports Injury Clinic to arrange an assessment: Book or contact Weaver Physio 01606 227 484 07795 908 027 110 Middlewich Road, Northwich, CW9 7DP Frequently Asked Questions Is shockwave therapy painful? Most people describe shockwave therapy as uncomfortable rather than painful. The feeling is similar to firm tapping against the skin, and the intensity can be adjusted throughout treatment. Mild soreness, redness or tenderness can occur afterwards and usually settles within a few days. How many sessions will I need? Many patients have a course of three to five sessions, usually one week apart. Your clinician will recommend an appropriate plan based on your symptoms, tendon presentation and response to treatment. Can I exercise after shockwave therapy? Light daily activity is usually encouraged, but your clinician may advise avoiding high-impact exercise—such as running, jumping or hard hill work—for a short period after treatment. You will be given clear guidance on what to continue, reduce and progress. Will shockwave therapy cure my Achilles pain? No treatment can guarantee a cure. Shockwave therapy may help reduce pain and support recovery in suitable cases, but lasting improvement usually depends on combining treatment with a progressive loading programme, sensible activity management and a gradual return to sport.
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